日期: 2021 年 9 月 10 日

什么是Fedora(Linux操作系统/发行版)?

Fedora is a Linux based operating system which provides innovative, free, and open-source platform for hardware, pc, laptop, cloud, and containers. Fedora is also called a Linux distribution where it uses the Linux kernel as the core of the operating system.

Fedora是基于Linux的操作系统,它为硬件,个人计算机,笔记本电脑,云和容器提供了创新的,免费的开源平台。 Fedora也被称为Linux发行版,它使用Linux内核作为操作系统的核心。

Fedora历史 (Fedora History)

Fedora distribution is officially released on 6 November 2003 for the first time. Fedora was a volunteer project which was providing extra software for the Red Hat distribution. When the Red Hat Linux was discontinued the Fedora Linux project is launched as a Linux distribution. As Red Hat Enterprise Linux sponsors the Fedora Project, Fedora is a trademark of Red Hat Inc. The most recent version of Fedora is Fedora 32 as writing this post which is released on 28 April 2020.

Fedora发行版于2003年11月6日首次正式发布。 Fedora是一个志愿者项目,为Red Hat发行版提供了额外的软件。 当Red Hat Linux停产时,Fedora Linux项目作为Linux发行版启动。 由Red Hat Enterprise Linux赞助Fedora项目时,Fedora是Red Hat Inc.的商标。Fedora的*新版本是Fedora 32,撰写本文的时间为2020年4月28日。

Fedora的用途是什么? (What Is Fedora Used For?)

Fedora Distribution is used for different cases. It is mainly used by enterprise-level users who also use the Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS. Fedora provides more user-friendly experience then RHEL or CentOS. Fedora is also used for different projects like Web Servers, Database Servers, Proxy, VMs, etc.

Fedora发行版用于不同的情况。 它主要由同时使用Red Hat Enterprise Linux或CentOS的企业级用户使用。 与RHEL或CentOS相比,Fedora提供了更加用户友好的体验。 Fedora还用于不同的项目,例如Web服务器,数据库服务器,代理,VM等。

Ubuntu比Fedora更好吗? (Is Ubuntu Better Than Fedora?)

Well, actually the question may be a bit wrong. The question must be which is more suitable for me? In general Ubuntu and Fedora projects have very similar core values but their methodologies are a bit different. Ubuntu is more popular than Fedora with a more user-friendly and smooth experience. Ubuntu software is a bit outdated according to Fedora and Ubuntu is controlled by the company named Canonical which is mainly managed for enterprise aims.

好吧,实际上这个问题可能有点错。 问题必须是哪个更适合我? 通常,Ubuntu和Fedora项目的核心价值非常相似,但是其方法略有不同。 Ubuntu比Fedora更为流行,它具有更加用户友好和流畅的体验。 根据Fedora的说法,Ubuntu软件有些过时了,Ubuntu由名为Canonical的公司控制,该公司主要针对企业目标进行管理。

Fedora版本 (Fedora Versions)

From November 2003 to the April 2021 following Fedora versions are released or to be released. Below you can find Fedora versions released information with End-of-life date, Linux Kernel Version and GNOME Desktop environment version.

从2003年11月到2021年4月,将发行或将要发行Fedora版本。 在下面,您可以找到Fedora版本发布的信息,包括寿命终止日期,Linux内核版本和GNOME桌面环境版本。

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Version (Code name) Release End-of-life Kernel GNOME
1 (Yarrow) 2003-11-05 2004-09-20 2.4.22 2.4
2 (Tettnang) 2004-05-18 2005-04-11 2.6.5 2.6
3 (Heidelberg) 2004-11-08 2006-01-16 2.6.9 2.8
4 (Stentz) 2005-06-13 2006-08-07 2.6.11 2.10
5 (Bordeaux) 2006-03-20 2007-07-02 2.6.15 2.14
6 (Zod) 2006-10-24 2007-12-07 2.6.18 2.16
7 (Moonshine) 2007-05-31 2008-06-13 2.6.21 2.18
8 (Werewolf) 2007-11-08 2009-01-07 2.6.23 2.20
9 (Sulphur) 2008-05-13 2009-07-10 2.6.25 2.22
10 (Cambridge) 2008-11-25 2009-12-18 2.6.27 2.24
11 (Leonidas) 2009-06-09 2010-06-25 2.6.29 2.26
12 (Constantine) 2009-11-17 2010-12-02 2.6.31 2.28
13 (Goddard) 2010-05-25 2011-06-24 2.6.33 2.30
14 (Laughlin) 2010-11-02 2011-12-08 2.6.35 2.32
15 (Lovelock) 2011-05-24 2012-06-26 2.6.38 3.0
16 (Verne) 2011-11-08 2013-02-12 3.1 3.2
17 (Beefy Miracle) 2012-05-29 2013-07-30 3.3 3.4
18 (Spherical Cow) 2013-01-15 2014-01-14 3.6 3.6
19 (Schrödinger’s Cat) 2013-07-02 2015-01-06 3.9 3.8
20 (Heisenbug) 2013-12-17 2015-06-23 3.11 3.10
21 2014-12-09 2015-12-01 3.17 3.14
22 2015-05-26 2016-07-19 4.0 3.16
23 2015-11-03 2016-12-20 4.2 3.18
24 2016-06-21 2017-08-08 4.5 3.20
25 2016-11-22 2017-12-12 4.8 3.22
26 2017-07-11 2018-05-29 4.11 3.24
27 2017-11-14 2018-11-30 4.13 3.26
28 2018-05-01 2019-05-28 4.16 3.28
29 2018-10-30 2019-11-26 4.18 3.30
30 2019-05-07 2020-05-26 5.0 3.32
31 2019-10-29 N/A 5.3 3.34
32 2020-04-28 N/A 5.6 3.36
33 2020-10-20 N/A N/A N/A
34 2021-04-20 N/A N/A N/A
版本(代号) 发布 生命尽头 核心 GNOME
1(欧arrow草) 2003-11-05 2004-09-20 2.4.22 2.4
2(特南) 2004-05-18 2005-04-11 2.6.5 2.6
3(海德堡) 2004-11-08 2006-01-16 2.6.9 2.8
4(Stentz) 2005-06-13 2006-08-07 2.6.11 2.10
5(波尔多) 2006-03-20 2007-07-02 2.6.15 2.14
6(Zod) 2006-10-24 2007-12-07 2.6.18 2.16
7(月光) 2007-05-31 2008-06-13 2.6.21 2.18
8(狼人) 2007-11-08 2009-01-07 2.6.23 2.20
9(硫) 2008-05-13 2009-07-10 2.6.25 2.22
10(剑桥) 2008-11-25 2009-12-18 2.6.27 2.24
11(利奥尼达斯) 2009-06-09 2010-06-25 2.6.29 2.26
12(康斯坦丁) 2009-11-17 2010-12-02 2.6.31 2.28
13(哥达) 2010-05-25 2011-06-24 2.6.33 2.30
14(劳克林) 2010-11-02 2011-12-08 2.6.35 2.32
15(Lovelock) 2011-05-24 2012-06-26 2.6.38 3.0
16(凡尔纳) 2011-11-08 2013-02-12 3.1 3.2
17(美丽的奇迹) 2012-05-29 2013-07-30 3.3 3.4
18(球形牛) 2013-01-15 2014-01-14 3.6 3.6
19(薛定ding的猫) 2013-07-02 2015-01-06 3.9 3.8
20(Heisenbug) 2013-12-17 2015-06-23 3.11 3.10
21 2014-12-09 2015-12-01 3.17 3.14
22 2015-05-26 2016-07-19 4.0 3.16
23 2015-11-03 2016-12-20 4.2 3.18
24 2016-06-21 2017-08-08 4.5 3.20
25 2016-11-22 2017-12-12 4.8 3.22
26 2017-07-11 2018-05-29 4.11 3.24
27 2017-11-14 2018-11-30 4.13 3.26
28 2018-05-01 2019-05-28 4.16 3.28
29 2018-10-30 2019-11-26 4.18 3.30
30 2019-05-07 2020-05-26 5.0 3.32
31 2019-10-29 不适用 5.3 3.34
32 2020-04-28 不适用 5.6 3.36
33 2020-10-20 不适用 不适用 不适用
34 2021-04-20 不适用 不适用 不适用

Fedora版本(Fedora Editions)

As a free, open-source, and community project Fedora distribution is provided as different editions for different use cases. Fedora Workstation Edition and Fedora Server Edition are official Fedora Editions and natively supported by the Fedora Core Community. Fedora CoreOS Edition , Fedora SilverBlue Edition , Fedora IoT Edition are created by the Fedora Community and supported by the community.

作为一个免费的,开源的社区项目,Fedora发行版针对不同的用例提供了不同的版本。 Fedora Workstation EditionFedora Server Edition是正式的Fedora版,并由Fedora核心社区提供本地支持。 Fedora CoreOS Edition , Fedora SilverBlue Edition , Fedora IoT Edition由Fedora社区创建并得到社区的支持。

Fedora Workstation Edition is designed for Users, Administrators, Application Developers. Fedora Workstation Edition provides a reliable, user-friendly, and powerful desktop environment for PC, Workstation, Laptop. Most of the users with no specific requirements prefer the Workstation editions. Fedora Workstation Edition provides sleek user information with the GNOME 3 Desktop Environment. But you can also install and use other desktop environments like KDE, XFCE, LXDE, and others easily. It also provides other modern technologies like Virtualization, Containers, and Application Development Tools.

Fedora Workstation Edition专为用户,管理员,应用程序开发人员设计。 Fedora工作站版为PC,工作站,笔记本电脑提供了可靠,用户友好和功能强大的桌面环境。 没有特定要求的大多数用户都喜欢Workstation版本。 Fedora Workstation Edition通过GNOME 3桌面环境提供了流畅的用户信息。 但是,您也可以轻松安装和使用其他桌面环境,例如KDE,XFCE,LXDE和其他环境。 它还提供了其他现代技术,例如虚拟化,容器和应用程序开发工具。

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Fedora Server Edition is designed for server environments in order to run different applications, services, virtualization, and containers in a reliable and durable way. Fedora Server Edition can be run on bare metal PC, Laptop, Server, Workstation hardware or as a virtual machine. Fedora Server Editions provides a short-lifecycle, community-supported server operating system with the most recent application versions and updates. Fedora Server Edition provides easy administration tools alongside command-line tools. The cockpit is a web-based GUI to manage Fedora Server Edition. Also, Enterprise Domain technologies like Windows Active Directory can be created with FreeIPA which is an open-source domain controller.

Fedora Server Edition设计用于服务器环境,以便以可靠和持久的方式运行不同的应用程序,服务,虚拟化和容器。 Fedora Server Edition可以在裸机PC,笔记本电脑,服务器,工作站硬件上运行,也可以作为虚拟机运行。 Fedora Server Editions提供了一个短生命周期,社区支持的服务器操作系统,以及*新的应用程序版本和更新。 Fedora Server Edition提供了易于管理的工具以及命令行工具。 座舱是用于管理Fedora Server Edition的基于Web的GUI。 而且,可以使用FreeIPA(它是一个开放源域控制器)来创建Windows Active Directory之类的企业域技术。

Fedora CoreOS Edition is automatically updating, the minimal operating system for containerized workloads in a secure and scalable way.

Fedora CoreOS Edition正在自动更新,这是一种以安全且可扩展的方式处理容器化工作负载的*小操作系统。

Fedora SilverBlue Edition is the immutable version of the Fedora Workstation Edition where applications are installed as containers and only containers are changed, updated during usage of the Fedora SilverBlue.

Fedora SilverBlue Edition是Fedora Workstation Edition的不变版本,在该版本中,应用程序作为容器安装,并且仅更改了容器,并在使用Fedora SilverBlue期间对其进行了更新。

Fedora IoT Edition is a Fedora version designed for low resource IoT hardware and ecosystem. Fedora IoT can be used at smart homes, industrial gateways, smart cities, etc. projects. Fedora IoT Edition is a rolling release distribution to keep the system always up-to-date. Fedora IoT is provided for x86_64 and ARM aarch64 architectures.

Fedora IoT Edition是为低资源IoT硬件和生态系统设计的Fedora版本。 Fedora IoT可以用于智能家居,工业网关,智能城市等项目。 Fedora IoT Edition是滚动发行版本,用于使系统始终保持*新状态。 为x86_64和ARM aarch64体系结构提供了Fedora IoT。

Fedora软件 (Fedora Software )

Fedora is a mature Linux distribution where it comes with a wide range of software list. Fedora provides differen types of software and categories from office tools to design software. Libre Office is installed as default office suite which provides Writer for Documents, Calc for Tables etc. Firefox comes as installed web browser to surf on the internet.

Fedora是一个成熟Linux发行版,其中包含各种软件列表。 Fedora提供了从办公工具到设计软件的不同类型的软件和类别。 Libre Office被安装为默认的办公套件,其中提供了Writer for Documents,Calc for Tables等。Firefox是作为已安装的Web浏览器在Internet上冲浪的。

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Fedora软件包管理(Fedora Package Management)

Fedora is a RPM based distributions where software and tools are installed as RPM package in most of the cases. Yum and Dnf tools are used to download, install ,update, remove RPM packages by intelligently managing package dependencies.

Fedora是基于RPM的发行版,在大多数情况下,软件和工具都作为RPM软件包安装。 Yum和Dnf工具用于通过智能管理程序包依赖性来下载,安装,更新,删除RPM程序包。

Fedora安全性 (Fedora Security)

Fedora uses standard Linux security mechanism like ACL and also provides extra security with the SELinux. Fedora packages are updated for security bugs very fast.

Fedora使用标准Linux安全机制(如ACL),并通过SELinux提供额外的安全性。 Fedora软件包会针对安全性错误进行快速更新。

Fedora架构 (Fedora Architectures)

As a Linux distribution Fedora supports different CPU and hardware architectures. For a long time Fedora and versions supported x86-64 and ARM but with the Fedora 26 release ARM AArch64, IBM Power64, IBM Power64, IBM Z, MIPS-64, MIJPS, RISC-V.

作为Linux发行版,Fedora支持不同的CPU和硬件体系结构。 长期以来,Fedora及其版本都支持x86-64和ARM,但Fedora 26发行版中包含ARM AArch64,IBM Power64,IBM Power64,IBM Z,MIPS-64,MIJPS,RISC-V。

Fedora支持 (Fedora Support )

Fedora has a big and active community from different levels of expertise. You can get help or support from the ask.fedoraproject.org which provides community-driven question-and-answers. If you need more interactive and conversational support you can take a look at the Fedora Forum site  discussion.fedoraproject.org. Also, Reddit Fedora ChannelTelegram GroupDiscord GroupFacebook Group can be used for further help.

Fedora拥有来自不同专业水平的庞大而活跃的社区。 您可以从ask.fedoraproject.org获得帮助或支持,该网站提供社区驱动的问答。 如果您需要更多的互动和对话支持,可以访问Fedora论坛站点forum.fedoraproject.org 。 另外, Reddit Fedora Channel , Telegram Group , Discord Group , Facebook Group可以用于进一步帮助。

Fedora定价,是免费的 (Fedora Pricing, Yes Its Free)

Fedora is an open-source and community project which uses the Linux kernel. So these attributes make Fedora a free operating system. As stated previously Fedora project is supported by Red Hat Inc. for different project costs.

Fedora是一个使用Linux内核的开源和社区项目。 因此,这些属性使Fedora成为免费的操作系统。 如前所述,Fedora项目由Red Hat Inc.支持以不同的项目成本进行。

费多拉·拉皮(Fedora Rawhide) (Fedora Rawhide)

Fedora Rawhide is the development tree of the Fedora where experimental or tested software is provided. Fedora Rawhide is more recent then other Fedora editions but generally provides less or untested packages and software.

Fedora RawhideFedora Rawhide的开发树,其中提供了实验或经过测试的软件。 Fedora Rawhide比其他Fedora版本更新,但通常提供较少或未经测试的软件包和软件。

如何在Windows 7,8,10中旋转屏幕?

Windows operating system provides different monitors or screen orientations for different cases. We can rotate integrated or external monitors easily by using different methods like Display Settings, Hotkeys, Intel Graphic Settings, NVIDIA Control Panel, or 3rd Party Application.

Windows操作系统针对不同情况提供不同的监视器或屏幕方向。 我们可以使用“显示设置”,“热键”,“英特尔图形设置”,“ NVIDIA控制面板”或“第三方应用程序”等不同方法轻松旋转集成或外部显示器。

横屏问题 (Sideways Screen Problem)

While typing with the keyboard using shortcuts is a very easy way to accomplish different actions. But in some cases, heavy usage may create some problems with mistyped keys. We can change the screen layout with a mistyped key which is called Sideway Screen Problem . We can correct or solve this error by rotating the screen to the back which is explained below in detail.

使用快捷键在键盘上打字是完成不同操作的一种非常简单的方法。 但是在某些情况下,大量使用可能会导致密钥输入错误。 我们可以使用错误键入的键(称为Sideway Screen Problem更改屏幕布局。 我们可以通过将屏幕向后旋转来纠正或解决此错误,下面将对此进行详细说明。

Windows屏幕旋转或布局 (Windows Screen Rotations or Layout)

Windows provides 4 screen rotation. They can be configured by using different methods and tools like Display Settings, Keyboard shortcuts, Graphic Driver Tool etc.

Windows提供4个屏幕旋转。 可以使用不同的方法和工具(例如显示设置,键盘快捷键,图形驱动程序工具等)进行配置。

Landscape is the default and most used screen or display rotation. It is the normal rotation where the graphics are displayed in a normal way. The horizontal resolution or pixel count is higher than the vertical resolution.

Landscape是默认的且使用*多的屏幕或显示旋转。 这是正常旋转,以正常方式显示图形。 水平分辨率或像素数高于垂直分辨率。

Portrait is very similar to the portrait resolution. The vertical resolution or pixel count is higher than the horizontal resolution or pixel count.

Portrait非常类似于人像分辨率。 垂直分辨率或像素数高于水平分辨率或像素数。

Landscape (flipped) is the reverse version of the lanscape where bottom goes up and upper side goes down.

Landscape (flipped)是lanscape的反向版本,其中底部向上而上侧向下。

Portrait (flipped) is the reverse version of the portrait where right side goes to the left side and left side goes to the right side.

Portrait (flipped)Portrait (flipped)的反向版​​本,其中右侧位于左侧,而左侧则位于右侧。

通过显示设置旋转屏幕 (Rotate Screen Via Display Settings)

The most basic way to rotate or flip a screen is using the Display Settings . Display settings can be used for Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 in order to flip or rotate screen into the landscape, portrait, flipped-landscape, flipped-portrait. Display settings can be opened in different waus but the most easi way is right click on the desktop and click to the Display Settings like below. Alternatively Settings->System->Display for Windows 10 and Windows 8, Control Panel->Appearance and Personalization-> Display->Display Settings for Windows 7 can be used.

旋转或翻转屏幕的*基本方法是使用“ Display Settings 。 显示设置可用于Windows 7,Windows 8,Windows 10,以将屏幕翻转或旋转为横向,纵向,横向翻转,纵向翻转。 可以用不同的方式打开显示设置,但是*简单的方法是右键单击桌面,然后单击以下Display Settings 。 或者,可以使用Windows 10和Windows 8的“设置”->“系统”->“显示”,Windows 7的“控制面板”->“外观和个性化”->“显示”->“显示设置”。

%title插图%num
Open Display Settings From Desktop Directly
直接从桌面打开显示设置

Below we will see the Display Configuration . We will navigate to the down Display orientation where the Landscape is the default configuration.

在下面,我们将看到“ Display Configuration 。 我们将导航到向下的Display orientation ,其中Landscape是默认配置。

%title插图%num
Windows 10 Display Orientation Landscape
Windows 10显示方向横向

We will see a drop-down list which provides Landscape, Portrait, Landscape (flipped), Portrait (flipped). We can change to the orientation we want which are described above in detail.

我们将看到一个下拉列表,其中提供了横向,纵向,横向(翻转),纵向(翻转)。 我们可以更改为所需的方向,上面已对此进行了详细介绍。

%title插图%num
Flip or Change Display Orientation
翻转或更改显示方向

If you can not see the Display Orientation setting on Windows 10 and Windows 7 please update your computer graphics driver.

如果在Windows 10和Windows 7上看不到“显示方向”设置,请更新计算机图形驱动程序。

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使用热键旋转屏幕(键盘快捷键)(Rotate Screen With Hotkeys (Keyboard Shortcuts))

Windows also provide useful shortcuts in order to change, flip, or display orientation. Hotkeys or keyboard shortcuts are a fast and easy way in order to change the screen or display orientation. The CTRL+ALT key combination can be used to change the screen or display orientation. Below we will list the CTRL+ALT hotkey combinations with the arrow keys in order to specify the rotation direction.

Windows还提供了有用的快捷方式,以便更改,翻转或显示方向。 热键或键盘快捷键是更改屏幕或显示方向的快速简便的方法。 CTRL+ALT组合键可用于更改屏幕或显示方向。 在下面,我们将使用箭头键列出CTRL + ALT热键组合,以指定旋转方向。

  1. CTRL+ALT+Up Arrow = Rotate Screen Normal Upright Rotation
  2. CTRL+ALT+Right Arrow = Rotate Screen 90 Degrees
  3. CTRL+ALT+Down Arrow = Rotate Screen Upside Down (180 Degrees)
  4. CTRL+ALT+Left Arrow = Rotate Screen 270 Degrees

The default hotkeys can be changed via the Intel Graphics settings tool or NVIDIA Graphics Settings.

可以通过Intel图形设置工具或NVIDIA图形设置更改默认热键。

使用英特尔图形设置旋转屏幕 (Rotate Screen with Intel Graphics Settings)

Even Display Settings are used to flip or rotate display the external graphic cards provides different tools in order to manage graphics settings and rotating screen. Intel Graphics are popularly used on Laptops and Intel Graphics Settings are provided to manage the graphics settings related to Intel Graphic card. We will right-click to the desktop and click to the Graphics Properties like below.

甚至“显示设置”用于翻转或旋转显示,外部图形卡也提供了不同的工具来管理图形设置和旋转屏幕。 英特尔图形处理器广泛用于笔记本电脑,并且提供了英特尔图形设置来管理与英特尔图形卡相关的图形设置。 我们将右键单击桌面,然后单击“ Graphics Properties如下所示。

%title插图%num
Open Intel Graphics Properties
打开英特尔图形属性

We will see the Intel HD Graphics Control Panel like below. This screen can be different for different versions of the Intel Graphics card. We will click to the Display button like below.

我们将看到如下所示的“ Intel HD Graphics Control Panel 。 对于不同版本的英特尔图形卡,此屏幕可能有所不同。 我们将如下所示单击“ Display按钮。

%title插图%num
Intel HD Graphics Control Panel
英特尔高清图形控制面板

In the Display screen, we will see the Rotation configuration which provides numbers of the degrees to rotate. The default configuration is 0 degree which is no rotation. Other values are 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees to turn.

在“ Display屏幕中,我们将看到“旋转”配置,其中提供了要旋转的度数。 默认配置为0度,即无旋转。 其他值为旋转的90度,180度和270度。

%title插图%num
Intel HD Graphics Control Panel Display Rotation Configuration
英特尔高清图形控制面板显示旋转配置

使用NVIDIA控制面板旋转屏幕(Rotate Screen with NVIDIA Control Panel)

Similar to the Intel NVIDIA graphic cards provides configuration about display. The internal or external screen can be configured via the NVIDIA Control Panel. NVIDIA Control panel can be opened from the desktop by right-clicking to the desktop and clicking to the NVIDIA Control Panel. From the Display menu we will select the Rotate display configuration and we can select the screen or monitor and in the second step we will select the orientation which is explained above.

与Intel NVIDIA图形卡类似,它提供有关显示的配置。 可以通过NVIDIA控制面板配置内部或外部屏幕。 右键单击桌面并单击NVIDIA控制面板,可以从桌面打开NVIDIA控制面板。 从Display菜单中,我们将选择Rotate display配置,我们可以选择屏幕或监视器,在第二步中,我们将选择上面说明的方向。

ssh 的公钥和密钥_如何在Linux中创建和设置用于无密码和基于公钥的身份验证的SSH密钥?

ssh 的公钥和密钥

Ssh is a protocol designed to make network connections between hosts secure. Ssh is a defacto standard for Linux and related operating systems. Ssh encrypts the connection between sides. Ssh gives terminal access between host and server. To get a terminal there need to be an authentication process. The authentication process is generally password-based but there are some caveats for password-based authentication. Brute force attacks can guess the password and give access to the server. To make things more secure key-based authentication can be used. It is far more secure and practical to use in logins or batch operations.

Ssh是旨在使主机之间的网络连接安全的协议。 Ssh是Linux和相关操作系统的事实上的标准。 Ssh加密双方之间的连接。 Ssh提供主机和服务器之间的终端访问。 要获得终端,需要进行身份验证过程。 身份验证过程通常是基于密码的,但是对于基于密码的身份验证有一些警告。 蛮力攻击可以猜测密码并授予对服务器的访问权限。 为了使事情更加安全,可以使用基于密钥的身份验证。 在登录或批处理操作中使用它更加安全实用。

创建密钥对 (Creating Key Pairs)

We will create key pairs. We may ask yourself why pair. Isn’t 1 key enough? In Asymmetric cryptography key pairs where each if different is used to complete each other. One key is named public which is known by the public. One key is named private and only known by the owner.

我们将创建密钥对。 我们可能会问自己为什么配对。 1把钥匙还不够吗? 在非对称加密密钥对中,如果使用不同的密钥对,则它们将彼此完成。 一把钥匙叫做public,这是公众所知道的。 一把钥匙被称为私人钥匙,只有主人知道。

$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Creating Key Pairs
Creating Key Pairs
创建密钥对

During the RSA public and private key generation, we will be asked some questions like below. We can answer them all skip all of them just with Enter key.

在生成RSA公钥和私钥的过程中,我们将被询问以下一些问题。 我们可以回答所有问题,仅需按Enter键即可跳过所有问题。

  • “Enter file in which to save the key (/home/ismail/.ssh/id_rsa):” question is used to specify the RSA key pair which name is `id_rsa` by default and the path where the current user home path under the `.ssh` directory.“输入要在其中保存密钥的文件(/home/ismail/.ssh/id_rsa):”问题用于指定默认名称为“ id_rsa”的RSA密钥对以及该路径下当前用户主目录的路径。 .ssh目录。
  • “Overwrite y/n ?” will be asked if there is already a key with the specified path and name and accept to overwrite. If we will not use the old RSA key we can overwrite with “y” answer.“覆盖y / n吗?” 将会询问是否已存在具有指定路径和名称的密钥,并接受覆盖。 如果我们不使用旧的RSA密钥,则可以用“ y”答案覆盖。
  • “Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase)” question is used to protect created public and private key with encryption where we have to specify a passphrase“输入密码短语(空无密码短语)”问题用于通过加密保护创建的公钥和私钥,我们必须指定密码短语
  • “Enter passphrase” line is used to check previously entered passphrase to prevent mistakes“输入密码”行用于检查先前输入的密码,以防止错误
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We have created a key pair based RSA algorithm. Our key pairs are 2048 bit. So it is more secure as long as the longer key size. We can protect our key pair with passphrase but it is not practical for most situations. Our key pair is located by default users’ home directories .ssh file. Keep in mind that while working with ssh configuration we need root privileges. The best way to get root privileges uses the following command.

我们创建了一个基于密钥对的RSA算法。 我们的密钥对为2048位。 因此,只要密钥大小更长,它就会更加安全。 我们可以使用密码来保护密钥对,但是在大多数情况下并不实用。 默认情况下,我们的密钥对位于用户的主目录.ssh文件中。 请记住,在使用ssh配置时,我们需要root特权。 获得root特权的*佳方法是使用以下命令。

$ sudo su

将用户SSH密钥添加到远程服务器 (Adding User SSH Key to Remote Server)

Now we have a key to use. We will use ssh-copy-id command where we specify the user we want to copy the key and the server hostname or IP address. In this example, we will copy already created an SSH key for the user ismail in the 192.168.142.150.

现在我们有一个要使用的钥匙。 我们将使用ssh-copy-id命令,在其中指定要复制密钥的用户以及服务器主机名或IP地址。 在此示例中,我们将为用户ismail复制已创建的SSH密钥到192.168.142.150 。

$ ssh-copy-id[email protected]
Adding User SSH Key to Remote Server
Adding User SSH Key to Remote Server
将用户SSH密钥添加到远程服务器

We can see that during the SSH key deployment some information is printed to the screen like source key which will be installed to the remote system. How many keys remained for installation? and at the end of the installation, the “Number of keys added” which is one in this case. Then the SSH command to login passwordless to the remote system with the specified user is printed where we can check like below.

我们可以看到,在SSH密钥部署期间,某些信息会像源密钥一样打印到屏幕上,该信息将被安装到远程系统上。 剩下多少个安装密钥? 在安装结束时,“已添加密钥数”在这种情况下为1。 然后,将打印SSH命令以使用指定的用户无密码地登录到远程系统,在此我们可以进行如下检查。

$ ssh[email protected]
Adding User SSH Key to Remote Server
Adding User SSH Key to Remote Server
将用户SSH密钥添加到远程服务器

禁用SSH配置的基于密码的身份验证(Disable Password-Based Authentication for SSH Configuration)

After completing these steps we can disable password-based authentication for ssh server.

完成这些步骤后,我们可以为ssh服务器禁用基于密码的身份验证

$ vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Open sshd_config file and change PasswordAuthentication and PermitRootLogin line like below

打开sshd_config文件并更改PasswordAuthentication和PermitRootLogin行,如下所示

  1. PasswordAuthentication no
  2. PermitRootLogin without-password

应用SSH服务器配置 (Apply SSH Server Configuration)

Then restart SSH server to load with the new configuration.

然后重新启动SSH服务器以加载新配置。

$ sudo systemctl restart ssh

检查SSH服务器状态 (Check SSH Server Status)

Check if the SSH is working with the systemctl command like below. We will see that the SSH is working properly in the Active line with a green color. If there is an error you can revert back to the original configuration and restart the SSH service again which is described previously.

检查SSH是否与systemctl命令一起使用,如下所示。 我们将看到SSH在绿色的Active行中正常运行。 如果出现错误,您可以恢复到原始配置,然后再次重新启动SSH服务,如前所述。

$ systemctl status ssh
Check SSH Service Status
Check SSH Service Status
检查SSH服务状态

( )

如何在Linux中创建和设置用于无密码和基于公钥的身份验证的SSH密钥? 信息图 (How To Create and Setup SSH Keys For Passwordless and Public Key Based Authentication In Linux? Infographic)

How To Create and Setup SSH Keys For Passwordless and Public Key Based Authentication In Linux? Infographic
How To Create and Setup SSH Keys For Passwordless and Public Key Based Authentication In Linux? Infographic
如何在Linux中创建和设置用于无密码和基于公钥的身份验证的SSH密钥? 信息图

什么是文件资源管理器(Windows)?

Files and folders are an important part of the operating system and daily computer usage. File Explorer is a generic term used to describe an application or tool which is used to manage files and folders in an operating system. But generally, the term File Explorer is used for the Windows operating system file explorer. Windows File Explorer is first provided with the Windows 95 operating system and provided for all later operating systems like Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 8, and Windows 10. File Explorer added more features for releases. File Explorer also provides Windows Server operating system family-like Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2019.

文件和文件夹是操作系统和日常计算机使用的重要组成部分。 文件资源管理器是一个通用术语,用于描述用于管理操作系统中的文件和文件夹的应用程序或工具。 但通常,术语“文件资源管理器”用于Windows操作系统文件资源管理器。 Windows File Explorer首先随Windows 95操作系统一起提供,并且为所有更高版本的操作系统(如Windows 98,Windows XP,Windows Vista,Windows 8和Windows 10)提供。文件资源管理器为发行版添加了更多功能。 文件资源管理器还提供Windows Server操作系统家族,例如Windows Server 2008,Windows Server 2012,Windows Server 2016,Windows Server 2019。

文件浏览器历史记录 (File Explorer History)

As sated in the begging the File Explorer has a long history which begins in 1995 with the Microsoft Windows 95 version. The File Explorer is released with a preview edition named NewShell which is intended for a replace for the Windows 3.X Program and File Manager.

如前所述,文件浏览器的历史悠久,始于1995年,*初是Microsoft Windows 95版本。 文件资源管理器发布了一个名为NewShell的预览版,旨在代替Windows 3.X程序和文件管理器。

With the popularity of the File Explorer Windows 98 provided with Internet Explorer integration by providing navigation buttons like back, forward, address bar, etc.

随着文件浏览器的流行,Windows 98通过提供诸如后退,前进,地址栏等导航按钮而与Internet Explorer集成在一起。

In Windows ME and Windows 2000 Web-style folders provided more polished preview and ability to show or play file contents in the left sidebar like mp3 file.

在Windows ME和Windows 2000中,Web样式的文件夹提供了更精美的预览,并且能够在左侧边栏中显示或播放文件内容(如mp3文件)。

Windows XP provided major changes to the File Explorer where visually polished and new features like Task Pane , Search Companion , Image Handling etc.

Windows XP对File Explorer进行了重大更改,在外观上经过了抛光处理,并提供了诸如Task Pane , Search Companion , Image Handling等新功能。

Windows Vista version File Explorer provided more accurate search, organization and meta data with polished layout and icons.

Windows Vista版本的文件资源管理器通过优美的布局和图标提供了更准确的搜索,组织和元数据。

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Windows 7 added Libraries, Visual Folders, Federated Search options.

Windows 7添加了“库”,“可视文件夹”,“联合搜索”选项。

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 added new design with ribbon bar which also includes more detailed file operations inside it. Also files operations can b epaused and continued later in this version of the File Explorer.

Windows 8和Windows Server 2012添加了带有功能区栏的新设计,该功能区还包含更详细的文件操作。 在此版本的文件资源管理器中,文件操作也可以分开并在以后继续。

Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 added more extensive search features with OneDrive integration.

Windows 10和Windows Server 2016通过OneDrive集成添加了更广泛的搜索功能。

打开文件资源管理器 (Open File Explorer)

In order to use File Explorer, we should open it which can be done in different ways. All different methods to open File Explorer is explained in detail in the following tutorial. The most practical way is to use the WIN+E keyboard shortcuts or the FileExplorer icon from the taskbar.

为了使用文件资源管理器,我们应该打开它,这可以通过不同的方式完成。 在以下教程中详细说明了打开文件资源管理器的所有不同方法。 *实用的方法是使用WIN+E键盘快捷键或任务栏中的FileExplorer图标。

%title插图%num
Open File Explorer
打开文件浏览器

文件资源管理器GUI(File Explorer GUI)

As we explained the design and GUI of the File Explorer have changed a lot during past versions. The latest Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 version File Explorer provides the following screen.

正如我们所解释的,在过去的版本中,文件资源管理器的设计和GUI发生了很大变化。 *新的Windows 10和Windows Server 2016版本的文件资源管理器提供以下屏幕。

%title插图%num
File Explorer GUI
文件资源管理器GUI

Menu provides different ribbon categories like File , Home , Share and View for different operations.

Menu为不同的操作提供了不同的功能区类别,如File , Home , ShareView 。

Sidebar provides quick and easy access to the other directories and path easily with just single of few clicks. By default links to the Desktop, Downloads, Documents, Pictures, Music, Videos directories and OneDrive, This PC and Network provided. This sidebar can be also customized other paths and locations.

只需单击几下鼠标, Sidebar轻松快速地访问其他目录和路径。 默认情况下,链接到台式机,下载,文档,图片,音乐,视频目录和OneDrive,此PC和网络。 也可以自定义此侧边栏的其他路径和位置。

Content provides the files and folders in different view settings like list, icon etc.

Content以不同的视图设置(例如列表,图标等)提供文件和文件夹。

Address Bar provides current folder location in an elegant way and can be used to changed current location, path or directory shown in the Content area.

Address Bar以一种优雅的方式提供了当前文件夹的位置,可用于更改“内容”区域中显示的当前位置,路径或目录。

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Search is one of the most important part which provides advanced search features for files and folders like size, name, extension, location, etc.

Search是*重要的部分之一,它提供了文件和文件夹的高级搜索功能,例如大小,名称,扩展名,位置等。

文件资源管理器,操作和功能 (File Explorer, Operations and Features)

File Explorer provides different operations and features in order to manage files and folders. In this part, we will examine some of the important features of the File Explorer.

文件资源管理器提供了不同的操作和功能,以便管理文件和文件夹。 在这一部分中,我们将研究文件浏览器的一些重要功能。

列出文件和文件夹 (List Files and Folders)

The most popular and basic feature of the File Explorer is listing and displaying files and folders.. Just navigate to the path you want to list.

文件资源管理器*流行和*基本的功能是列出和显示文件和文件夹。只需导航到要列出的路径即可。

%title插图%num
List Files and Folders
列出文件和文件夹

运行应用程序,软件或工具(Run Application, Software or Tool)

File Explorer also lists different applications, software, tool and executable files. We can easily run these by double clicking on them which will work in most of the case.

文件资源管理器还列出了不同的应用程序,软件,工具和可执行文件。 我们可以通过双击它们轻松地运行它们,这在大多数情况下都会起作用。

复制和粘贴文件或文件夹 (Copy and Paste Files or Folders)

We can copy and paste by using the mouse by clicking right on the file of folder we want to copy. And then click right on the location we want to copy and click Paste like below.

我们可以通过鼠标右键单击要复制的文件夹的文件来复制和粘贴。 然后在我们要复制的位置上单击鼠标右键,然后单击“ Paste如下所示。

%title插图%num
Copy and Paste Files or Folders
复制和粘贴文件或文件夹

移动文件或文件夹(Move Files or Folders)

We can move files and folders by cutting and pasting them easily.

我们可以通过轻松剪切和粘贴来移动文件和文件夹。

%title插图%num
Move Files or Folders
移动文件或文件夹

重命名文件或文件夹(Rename Files or Folders)

We can rename files and folders with the Rename from right click. then the file or folder name will be dark and editable where we will set the new name of the files or folder. If the provided name is not valid the old name will be reverted.

我们可以使用右键单击Rename来重命名文件和文件夹。 那么文件或文件夹的名称将变暗且可编辑,我们将在其中设置文件或文件夹的新名称。 如果提供的名称无效,则旧名称将被还原。

%title插图%num
Rename Files or Folders
重命名文件或文件夹

Set new name like below.

如下设置新名称。

%title插图%num
Rename Files or Folders
重命名文件或文件夹

删除文件或文件夹(Delete Files or Folders)

We can delete files and folder with the Delete which will ask for confimartion for deletion. The deleted files will be moved into the Recycle Bin and can be reverted from there if they are not deleted permanently.

我们可以使用Delete删除文件和文件夹,这将要求您确认删除。 删除的文件将被移入回收站,如果它们没有被永久删除,则可以从那里恢复。

%title插图%num
Delete Files or Folders
删除文件或文件夹

搜索文件或文件夹(Search Files or Folders)

One of the most popular feature of the File Explorer is searching files and folders. We can use the search box on the left upper corner. We can provide different terms for search like the name or the extension. In the following example file extension *.exe searched and the results are listed in the content box.

文件资源管理器*流行的功能之一是搜索文件和文件夹。 我们可以使用左上角的搜索框。 我们可以提供不同的搜索条件,例如名称或扩展名。 在以下示例中,搜索了文件扩展名*.exe ,结果在内容框中列出。

%title插图%num
Search Files or Folders
搜索文件或文件夹

显示文件和文件夹信息和属性(Show Files and Folders Information and Attributes)

We can show the files and folders from the menu by clicking to the Properties like below.

通过单击以下Properties我们可以从菜单中显示文件和文件夹。

%title插图%num
Show Files and Folders Information and Attributes
显示文件和文件夹的信息和属性

In the following files and folder properties window we will see detailed information like file name,, size, location, access time, attributes, compability, details, security etc.

在以下文件和文件夹属性窗口中,我们将看到详细信息,例如文件名,大小,位置,访问时间,属性,兼容性,详细信息,安全性等。

%title插图%num
Show Files and Folders Information and Attributes
显示文件和文件夹的信息和属性
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